The deepest understanding of the cells of the oral system will be found in decoding their communication and seeing how it is regulated. Once we have understood their language, clinicians might be able to talk to cells and control their action. This book by 47 world-renowned experts – for each chapter at least one clinician and one basic scientist – highlights a reliable and actual state of research regarding this topic that quickly moves forward. Beyond the classic cell types addressed in the first part of the book and visualized by colored scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, organ systems or model systems of cell-to-cell communication of a more generic type are presented in four additional chapters in the second part.This book – accompanied by an augmented reality (AR) app that allows you to experience the process of bone resorption virtually – should help to open the vision of how we can regenerate tissues and heal diseases by controlling the language of the cells, and shows us the direction in which research and therapy will go in the future.Part 1: Cell Atlas of the Oral System “A to Z” Ameloblasts (R. J. Miron, A. Lussi) B-Cells / T-Cells (J. Konkel, I. Chapple) Cementoblasts & Cementocytes (B. L. Foster, M. Sanz) Chondrocytes and Fibrochondrocytes (D. S. Nedrelow, M. S. Detamore, M. E. Wong) Dental Stem Cells: Developmental Aspects (J. Krivanek, K. Fried) Epithelial Cells (V.-J. Uitto, U. K. Gursoy) Fibroblasts (G. Pompermaier Garlet, D. S. Thoma) Macrophages (J. CW. Wang, W. V. Giannobile) Microvascular Cells: Endothelium and Pericytes (A. Banfi, S. Kühl) Myocytes (S. W. Herring, S. Kiliaridis) Nerve Cells (S. Bae Oh, Pa Reum Lee, D. A. Ettlin) Odontoblasts (D. D. Bosshardt, P. R. Schmidlin) Osteoblasts (F. E. Weber, B. Lethaus) Osteoclasts / Odontoclasts (R. Nishimura, H. Terheyden) Osteocytes (R. Gruber, B. Stadlinger) Polymorphonuclear Cells (Neutrophils) (J. Deschner, S. Jepsen) Salivary Acinar Cells (G. B. Procter, A. Vissink) Part 2: Cellular Interactions – Insights and Outlooks Oral Microbiota, Biofilms and Their Environment (N. Bostanci, G. N. Belibasakis) Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Therapeutic Aspects (Q. Vallmajo-Martin, J. S. Marschall, E. Avilla-Royo, M. Ehrbar) Model Systems for Investigation of Cell-to-Cell Communication (P. Korn, M. Gelinsky) Linking Molecular Function with Tissue Structure in the Oral Cavity (C. Porcheri, C. T. Meisel, T. A. Mitsiades)